Rationale: Evidence suggests that a high-fat diet increases the risk of several cancers, including breast, colon, and prostate cancers. Ovarian, lung,
and liver cancers have not been linked to a high-fat diet.
02.Answer A.
Rationale:The most common toxicities from NSAIDs are gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, epigastric pain, ulcers, bleeding, diarrhea, and constipation). Renal dysfunction, pulmonary complications, and
cardiovascular complications from NSAIDs are much less common.
03. Answer D.
Rationale:Tolerance is a reduced responsiveness to the effect of any drug, which necessitates larger doses to achieve an equivalent effect of the initial
dose. Pseudoaddiction is a term used to describe the iatrogenic syndrome of drug-seeking behavior that develops as a direct consequence of inadequate pain management. Physical dependence refers to the state
in which an individual must take the substance to
feel physically normal; not taking the drug results in withdrawal symptoms. Psychological dependence refers to an individual’s need to derive an alteration in mood from a substance.
04. Answer A. Rationale:Fever is an early sign requiring clinical intervention to identify potential causes. Chills and dyspnea may or may not be observed. Tachycardia can be an indicator in a variety of clinical situations
when associated with infection; it usually occurs in
response to an elevated temperature or change in cardiac function.
05.Answer C.
Rationale:Radiation-induced esophagitis with dysphagia is particularly common in clients who receive radiation to the chest. The anatomic location
of the esophagus is posterior to the mediastinum
and is within the fi eld of primary treatment.Diarrhea may occur with radiation to the abdomen.Decreased energy level and decreased white blood cell count are potential complications of radiation therapy.
06.Answer A.
Rationale:The nurse should perform a thorough assessment of the abdomen and auscultate for bowel sounds in all four quadrants. Clients who have gastrointestinal surgery may have decreased peristalsis
for several days after surgery. The nurse should
check the abdomen for distention and check with the client and the medical record regarding the passage of fl atus or stool. Consulting a dietician would be inappropriate because the client must be kept
on nothing-by-mouth status until bowel sounds are present. The nurse should explain to the wife that it is too soon after surgery for her husband to eat.
07.Answer C.
Rationale:Prioritizing physical activities helps to conserve energy, which promotes adaptation to fatigue. The client should learn to take short naps or short rest periods during the day for additional
energy conversation. Increased fl uid intake is important
but may interrupt rest periods by causing frequent urination. Limiting intake of high-fi ber foods can add to constipation, which may be a problem because of inactivity in fatigued clients.
08.Answer D.
Rationale:Individuals with cancer have various cultural values and beliefs that help them cope with the cancer experience. Quality of life cannot be evaluated solely by quantifi able factors such as employability, functional status, or evidence of disease. It must be evaluated by the survivors within the context of their subjective and individual values and beliefs.
09.Answer D.
Rationale: Variables that are most predictive of negative bereavement outcomes include anger and self-reproach, low socioeconomic status, lack of preparation for death, and lack of family support.
Making preparations suggests that she is coping with her husband’s approaching death.
10.Answer D.
Rationale: The recurrence of the disease is found to be the most distressing time, and clients may experience
anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation. Clients may feel a decrease in their anxiety and depression with the initiation of defi nitive treatment or at the end of their fi rst course of treatment. Clients in the end stage of the disease may feel all of these emotions; however, when clients have been free from cancer for some time and learn that there is a recurrence, they often experience a sharp increase in their feelings of distress.
11.Answer C .
Rationale: D10W is the preferred solution to prevent complications from a sudden lack of glucose. Answers A, B, and D do not have glucose, so they are incorrect.
12.Answer C.
Rationale: This procedure is usually done by the physician with specimens obtained from the sternum or the iliac crest. The high Fowler’s position would be the best position of the ones listed to obtain a specimen from the client’s sternum. Answers A, B, and D would be inappropriate positions for getting a biopsy from the sites indicated.
13.Answer B
Rationale: Obesity and dietary fat promote the growth of malignant cells, and decreasing these risk factors can reduce the chance of cancer development. Many people are not willing to make these changes. Good diet and exercise habits are not a guarantee that other healthy lifestyle changes will then occur. Obesity and lack of exercise do not cause cancer, but they promote the growth of altered cells.
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